Ok, spend most of the morning digging through my information to compile some citations. I tried to include what information was gained from what parts - I'm sure I missed some, and I've probably thrown in some others, but there are sources like the USDA, American Medical Association, Universities, etc in here, so hopefully it provides some citations that seem reliable!
Category standing
Control Substances Act was passed in 1970 and established the categories for classifying drugs. The most restrictive is Schedule I, which are said to to possess "no currently accepted medical use", "a high potential for abuse", and "a lack of accepted safety."
It was in 1970 that Congress categorized marijuana as a Schedule I - temporarily while the federal commission studied cannabis. The report this commssion made:
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Use,
Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding - The Official Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse (Washington, D.C., 1972)
Highlights:
-little proven danger of physical or psychological harm (from experimental and intermittent use of naturally prepared cannabis)
-Clearly NOT the same chemical category as heroin (also Schedule I)
-Does not lead to physical dependence
-The incidence of psychiatric hospitalizations is not significantly higher than the non-using population
-The use of drugs other than alcohol is not significantly higher than the non-using population
-The overwhelming majority of users do not progress to other drugs.
-No substantial evidence of a casual connection between the use of marihuana and the commission of violent or aggressive acts
-It was usually found to inhibit the expression of aggressive impulses by pacifying the user.
With this being presented, governor Raymond P. Shafer on Pennsylvania, the commission's chairperson spoke before congress and gave the recommendation that private use and possession should not have the stigma of criminalization, and people who experiment with it should not be criminalized.
Despite this, President Nixon publicly announced his intent to continue to oppose efforts to legalize marijuana.
The National Beer Wholesalers Association contributes millions to candidates ($1.3 mil in 97-98, $1.87 in 99-00, $2.07 in 01-02, and $8 million combined in the 3 cycles between 03 and 08.
The original National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign specifically banned the use of campaign funds to address underage drinking, despite it being shown to be far more harmful. When attempts were made to amend the bill so that anti-alcohol messages could be included, the NBWA strongly opposed the amendment.
http://www.cspinet.org/booze/underagedrinking.ondcp2.htm
The California Beer and Beverage Distributors contributed $100,000 in 2008 in the campaign against Prop 5 - the Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act that would have reduced the penalty for cannabis possession from a misdemeanor to an infraction (similar to a traffic ticket).
Scott Morgan, "Why Do Prison and Alcohol Lobies Oppose Drug Treatment?" StoptheDrugWar.org, October 22, 2008
World Health Organization: Lethal Dose of cannabis is so high it cannot be achieved by recreational users.
Wayne Hall,
A Comparative Appraisal of the Health and Psychological Consequences of Alcohol, Cannabis, Nicotine, and Opiate Use (University of New South Wales: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, 1995).
Most marijuana users are gainfully employed.
"Seven in Ten Drug Users Are Full-Time Workers," Associated Press, September 8, 1999.
Some of the earliest criminalization of alcohol was racially motivated in response to an influx of Mexican Workers - making unsubstantiated claims that marijuana made them crazy.
Richard Bonnie and Charles Whitebread,
The Marijuana Conviction: A History of Marijuana Prohibition in the United States (New York: The Lindesmith Center, 1999).
June 2004 - Lisbon, Portugal - England playing France in the opening round of the Euro 2004 Soccer Tournament.
Paul Kelso, "It's OK to Smoke Dope, England Fans Told,"
The Guardian (UK_, June 11, 2004
Marijuana described as "one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man."
US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration,
In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition (Docket No. 86-22): Opinion and Recommended Ruling, Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Decision of Administrative Law Judge Francis L. Young, Washington, D.C., September 6, 1988
The American Medical Association spoke out against the Marihuana Tax Act fo 1937 - in intent of which was to end recreational use - saying there is no evidence supporting any of the claims behind it. Their own research found no prisoners addicted to marijuana as claimed, no occasion for the Children's Bureau to investigate the alleged heavy use or marijuana by school children, despite claims otherwise, and no record of any marijuana or cannabis addicts by the Public Health Service.
Bonnie and Whitebread,
The Marijuana Conviction, 165-66
Marijuana can protect the brain from trauma and ward of some neurological diseases such as Alzheimers
Hampson et al., "Cannabidiol and Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol Are Neuroprotective Antioxidants,"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96 (1998): 8268-73
The U.S. Department of Health and Humane Services holds patent no. 6630507 on the use of cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants. (Despite the government classifying it as Schedule I with no medical use)
http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6630507.html
Cannibis can help prevent the onset of diabetes.
Lu et al., "The cannabinergic System as a Target for Anti-inflammatory Diseases,"
Journal of Neuroimmunology 166 (2006): 3-18
Cannibis can limit the spread of multidrug resistant infections such as MRSA
Appendino et al., "Antibacterial Cannabinoids from
Cannabis sativa: A Structure-activity Study,"
Journal of Natural Products 71 (2008): 1427-30
In laboratory settings it selectively killed malignant cancer sells associated with gliomas, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, and lymphoma.
Sarfaraz et al, "Cannabinoids for Cancer Treatment: Progress nad Promise,"
Cancer Research 68 (2008): 339-42
Cannabinoids kill tumor cells without affecting their non-transformed counterparts.
Manuel Guzman, "Cannabinoids: Potential Anticancer Agents,"
Nature Reviews Cancer 3 (2003): 745-55
Can temporarily increase heart rate - should not be used by people with high blood pressure and history of heart disease. 49
William J. Cromie, "Marijuana Said to Trigger Heart Attacks,"
Harvard University Gazette, March 2, 2000.
Categorizing of legal and illegal drugs by researchers from the french state medical research institute INSERM in relation to the threat to public health placed alcohol, heroine, and cocaine in the most dangerous category, tabbacco and hallucinogens in the moderate risk, and cannabis in the least risk category.
Reuters News Wire, "French Report Says Drinking Worse Than Cannabis," June 16, 1998
Multiple Sclerosis patients taking Sativex (an oral spray with natural, whole plant cannabis extracts) for several years required fewer daily doses of the drug to effectively treat their pain over time.
Rog et al., "oromucosal Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol for Neuropathic Pain Associated with Multiple Sclerosis: An Uncontrolled, Open-label, 2-year Extension Trial,"
Clinical Therapeutics 29 (2007): 2068
-79.
Wade et al., "Long-term Use of a Cannabis-based Medicine in the Treatment of Spasticity and Other Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis,"
Multiple Sclerosis 12 (2006): 639-45
Americans spend $130 billion annually on Alcohol
"Alcohol Industry in U.S. Profits from Underage Drinking: Study,"
Financial Express, May 3, 2006
Estimated marijuana market of $113 billion annually
"John Gettman,
Lost Taxes and Other Costs of Marijuana aws, DrugScience.org. 2007.
The diversion of the estimated $113 billion marijuana market from the taxable economy into the illicit one deprives taxpayers of $31.1 billion annually.
Jon Gettman, "Lost Taxes and Other Costs of Marijuana Laws," DrugScience.org, 2007
In California alone, legalization would potentially raise $1.4 billion in annual tax revenue from excise taxes on production and sales taxes on purchases, according to 2009 estimates by the California State Board of Equalization and Taxation.
Press statement of Betty Yee, Chairwoman, California Board of Equalization, February 23, 2009
Extrapolations from comparisons to California's wine industry indicates a possible expectation of $12 to $18 billion in total economic activity, 60,000 to 110,000 new jobs created, and $2.5 to $3.5 billion in legal wages, which would generate additional income and business taxes for the state.
Dale Gieringer,
Legalization Could Yield California Taxpayers Over $1.2 Billion Per Year: Additional Spinoff Benefits Up To $12-$18 Billion, California NORML, February 2009,
http://www.canorml.org/background/CA_legalization2.html
State and federal governments are calculated to spend nearly $8-10 billion a year to arrest, prosecute, and jail marijuana offenders.
Jeffrey Miron,
Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Marijuana Policy Project, 2005),
http://www.prohibitioncosts.org/mironreport.html
Gettman, "Lost Taxes and Other Costs of Marijuana Laws"
U.S taxpayers are spending more than $1 billion annually just to imprision pot offenders.
Paul Armentano, "A Billion Dollars a Year for Pot?"
Washington Examiner, October 18, 2006
Focusing on marijuana law enforcement leads to decreased enforcement of more serious problems.
Florida crime statistics when analyzed showed that for every 1% increase in drug arrests there was an 0.18% increase in serious crimes.
Benson et al., "The Impact of Drug Enforcement on Crime: An Investigation of the Opportunity Cost of Police Resources,"
Journal of Drug Issues 31 (2001): 989-1006
Because drug dealers don't card, teenagers have said it is easier for them to purchase weed than beer or cigarettes.
Janet Kornblum, "Prescription Drugs More accessible to Teens Than Beer,"
USA Today, August 14, 2008
Marijuana is the biggest source of income for Mexican drug cartels.
Mark Stevenson, "Marijuana Big Earner for Mexico Gangs," Associated Press, February 22, 2008.
In California marijuana use among younger people declined sharply following changes in the state law. 2
State-sanctioned distribution of marijuana has not greatly affected law enforcement activities or led to routine misuse by the public. 3
Most industrialized nations (Canada, Japan, Australia, European Union, etc) regulate commercial production of help for industrial purposes. 2-5
Cannabis was used during the colonial era for production of rope, sails, cloth, and paper. 2-6
During World War 2, a video entitled
Hemp For Victory produced by the U.S. Department of Agriculture called the plant indispensable in the service of mankind.
Current federal law makes no distinction between hemp and other cannabis species, causing 200 million plants to be destroyed in the US annually, and resulting in US retailers producing hemp based products to import all cannabis fibers from overseas.
And just to include some stuff about potential alcohol benefits as well, so I'm not totally one sided (I do enjoy a glass of wine now and then!)
Drinking red wine may help ward off types of heart disease, cancer, and alzheimers.
Joy Bauer, "Is Wine Good for You?" MSNBC, June 4, 2008
Beer can help ward off osteoporosis
Claire Hughes, "Beer Increases Bone Strength,"
Student British Medical Journal 10 (2002): 441-84
Light to moderate drinkers more likely to survive a heart attack.
Mukamal et al., "Prior Alcohol Consumption and Mortality Following Acute Myocardial Infarction,"
Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (2001): 1965-70
As another note, for people interested in the subject, I would recommend the book "Marijuana is SAFER, So why are we driving people to drink?" by Steve Fox, Paul Armentano, and Mason Tvert. It is a comprehensive look at the marijuana prohibition, the benefits of legalization, comparisons between it and legal alcohol. It doesn't just discuss the good of marijuana, it addresses the drawbacks and potential hazards as well, and doesn't just criminalize alcohol, but discusses studies showing both the good and bad of that. The book has some 15+ pages of citations (well over 100, possibly over 200 sources, I didn't sit and count them all) for all its information as well, which I found really nice, as it wasn't just a "this is our opinion!" but rather a "these are our conclusions based on the evidence presented in all of these things." I found it to be a very interesting read!