How old is the teacher??
Our mousetrap car project was due the week before break, which got snowed out. I SHOULD have made it due the day we returned, in theory, because they KNEW it was due the day before break and therefore if we don't have school those days they ought to know that it will be when they return.
In a perfect world, I don't buy the excuse that the teacher should have reviewed on the day after break because if a students knows the test will be on one day and school is cancelled, logic would follow that the test will be given the next school day, upon return.
That being said, it's not a perfect world. Students are irresponsible. They "forget." They are not logical sometimes. And if I choose to stick to my guns and say all projects are due the day we return and no later, I better be prepared to fail about half my students and deal with their complaining parents.
If I HAD to guess I'd say this teacher may be new, either to teaching or to teaching GT. Perhaps I am wrong and they are just a hard-@$$. Maybe they had a due date (our unit tests were due the week before break- I finished mine early, but there was mad scrambling among others)
There are a lot of factors that go into this.
I can only give you my experience as a teacher, as I am not a parent.
Your daughter will have teachers she does well with, who really click with her. She will have teachers she clashes with and doesn't get on with. Such is life. The fact that she is passing notes in the class would be my focus... if a subject is tough for you and if you aren't at the top of your game, why are you wasting academic time passing notes? I would focus on your daughters behaviors because that is the only thing SHE can control. She cannot control who her teacher is or when a test date is set, but she can control her behaviors and choices in class. If she knew that the test was to be given the week before break, she should have been prepared to take it. In the future final exams should be cumulative, so she should be working to master the ability to retain info, and not just "load and flush" for each test. She is in GT... more is expected from GT students with regards to effort and initiative than is expected from standard students.
Again, taken with a grain of salt, from point of view of a Maryland high school teacher who isn't a parent.
Edit to add: I am a huge fan of life lessons... I always try to keep in mind what I am teaching my students by sticking to my guns on certain things. In this case, there are numerous life lessons your child could learn: dealing with adversity, the value of listening and paying attention, and how to acknowlege and move on from a failure.